近段时间以来，一些医院接诊儿童肺炎支原体感染病例增多。

Hospitals in parts of China are seeing a surge in infections of mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacteria that commonly causes respiratory illnesses in young children.

儿童肺炎支原体感染有什么症状？疫情高峰到来了吗？哪些患者可能发展为重症？秋冬季如何做好预防？记者日前在解放军总医院第七医学中心采访儿科医学部主任周辉霞和儿童呼吸内科主任花少栋，对以上问题进行解读。

解放军总医院第七医学中心儿科医学部主任周辉霞在手术中

1. 肺炎支原体感染有什么症状？

支原体肺炎以持续性、痉挛性咳嗽为特征，有时和百日咳引起的咳嗽类似，可伴有发热、呼吸困难和咳痰。

Typical symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection include persistent and spasmodic coughing that is sometimes similar to the coughing caused by pertussis (whooping cough). Fever, difficulty breathing, and coughing up of phlegm may also occur.

持续高热是一个需要引起大家警惕的特征，可以说是具有重症倾向的危险因素之一。

Persistent high fever, which is a risk factor for severe cases, is also something to be mindful of.

其他重症的早期预警指标还包括：治疗后低氧血症和呼吸困难难以缓解或进展、存在哮喘和原发性免疫缺陷病等基础疾病。

Other early warning signs for severe illnesses include persistent or worsening hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) or difficulty breathing, as well as underlying diseases such as asthma and immunodeficiency diseases.

2. 肺炎支原体感染往年的流行情况如何？

肺炎支原体感染广泛存在于世界各地，平时散发性发病，每隔3-7年出现一次地区流行，每次流行持续1-2年。

Mycoplasma pneumoniae circulate sporadically throughout the year, with regional epidemics recurring every three to seven years and each epidemic lasting for one to two years.

在社区、家庭内或聚集人群中可以有流行感染，暴发则往往在学校、托幼机构、夏令营等封闭群体中。

It can circulate in communities, families or gatherings, and infection clusters often occur at schools, nursery care centers or summer camps.

解放军总医院第七医学中心儿童呼吸内科主任花少栋为儿童做检查

我国肺炎支原体感染2015到2019年一直处于上升状态，2019年是一个高峰，2020年明显下降，可能与当时的新冠疫情防控措施相关。

Domestic spread of the disease has been rising since 2015 and peaked in 2019. Due to virus control measures rolled out during the COVID-19 pandemic, infection numbers declined significantly in subsequent years until the latest outbreak emerged.

今年是肺炎支原体在新冠疫情放开后的第一次流行。

The current wave of mycoplasma pneumoniae is the first to occur since COVID-19 containment measures were lifted.

3. 现在儿童肺炎支原体感染情况如何？是否已经达到高峰？

从目前的医院的收治情况来看，混合感染的多，耐药的多，大叶性肺炎变多，整体来势凶猛，同既往流行有明显不同。预计未来一个月是高峰。

Compared to previous years, we have found more patients with mixed infections, drug resistance and lobar pneumonia. This wave is intense, and we expect to experience the peak of the outbreak throughout the next month.

4. 为何今年肺炎支原体感染较往年严重？

新冠疫情期间，大家一直采取戴口罩、勤洗手、保持社交距离等方式防疫，没有机会接触肺炎支原体，导致易感人群增加和群体免疫变差。

Implementation of COVID-19 control measures such as wearing masks, frequent hand-washing and maintaining social distance has led to limited exposure to the bacteria across the population. As a result, the number of susceptible individuals has increased and herd immunity has declined.

疫情放开后，人们再次接触肺炎支原体时就会出现免疫过激反应，出现流行。

5. 肺炎支原体感染有哪些主要的治疗药物和手段？

根据国家卫健委发布的《儿童肺炎支原体肺炎诊疗指南（2023年版）》，大环内酯类抗菌药物是治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的首选抗菌药物，包括阿奇霉素，克拉霉素，红霉素，罗红霉素，非达霉素和乙酰吉他霉素等。

解放军总医院第七医学中心儿科医学部主任周辉霞查房

根据今年肺炎支原体感染形势和临床特征，解放军总医院第七医学中心除药物治疗外，还积极采用气管镜灌洗以及气道廓清术，明显加快患儿的恢复时间。

秋冬时节，如何预防呼吸道传染疾病？

1. 增强体质和免疫力，如睡眠充足、营养充分、锻炼身体等；

Get adequate sleep, maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly;

2. 保持手部卫生，提倡勤洗手，尤其是在咳嗽或打喷嚏后。就餐前或接触污染环境后要洗手；

Wash hands frequently;

3. 保证家庭和工作、生活场所环境清洁和良好通风状态，每天保证一定时间的开窗通风；

Make sure you have a clean, well-ventilated environment at home and at your workplace;

4. 尽量减少与患病人群的接触机会，在密闭场所、近距离接触他人时按要求佩戴口罩；

Minimize contact with infected individuals and wear masks in enclosed areas;

5. 保持良好的呼吸道卫生习惯，咳嗽或打喷嚏时，用纸巾、毛巾等遮住口鼻，咳嗽或打喷嚏后洗手，尽量避免触摸眼睛、鼻或口。

Cover your mouth and nose with tissues, towels or other materials when coughing or sneezing and wash hands afterwards.